Definition of Political Science
Etymologically, politics is derived
from the Greek word polis meaning city or country town. Then it evolved into a
sense of meaning citizens Polites, politeia which means all associated with the
state, which means that politics and state government politikos which means
citizenship.
Aristotle (384-322 BC) can be
considered as the first to introduce the political through his observations
about human sebutzoon politikon. With the term he would like to explain that
the nature of political and social life is the interaction between two or more
people will surely involve political relationships. Aristotle saw politics as a
natural tendency and unavoidable human, for example, when he tried to determine
his position in society, when he tried to achieve personal well-being, and when
he attempted to influence others to accept his view. Aristotle concluded that
maximize the ability of individuals and businesses achieve higher forms of
social life is through political interaction with others.
Interactions that
occur within an institution designed to solve social conflicts and shaping
destination country. Thus political words indicates an aspect of life, namely
political life commonly interpreted as pertaining to life aspects of power with
the elements: the state (state), power (power), decision making (decision
making), policy (policy, beleid ), and division (distribution) or allocation
(allocation).
In general it can be said that
politics (politics) is an assortment of activities within a political system
(or state) concerning the process of determining the objectives of the system
and implement those goals. Decision-making (decision making) as to whether the
objectives of the political system that involves selection of some alternatives
and preparation of priority of the goals that have been. As for carrying out
the purposes it is necessary to determine general policies (public policies)
concerning the management and delivery (distribution) or allocation
(allocation) of resources (resources) that exist. To be able to play an active
role to implement those policies, needs to have power (power) and authority
(authority) which will be used both to foster cooperation as well as to resolve
conflicts that may arise in the process. Ways that can be used to convince
(persuasive) and if necessary coercive (coercion). Without coercion, the policy
was simply a desire formulation (statement of intent) alone.
Politics is an attempt or a way to
obtain something desired. But there are many who think that politics is not
only about power within the state or actions undertaken by state authorities.
In some aspects of life, humans often political action, both political trade,
cultural, social, as well as in other aspects of life. Thus politics always
involves the objectives of the whole society (public goals) and not one's
personal objectives (private goals). Political concerns the activities of
various groups, including political parties and activities of individuals
(people).
The political sense of the scientists:
Johan Kaspar Bluntschli in his book The Theory of the State:
"Politics is the science of attention affairs of state, to fight for
understanding and understanding of the country and the circumstances, the
properties essentially, in various forms or manifestations of development."
(The science is concerned roomates with the state, the which endeavor to
understand and comprehend the state in its conditions, in its essentials
nature, in various forms or manifestations its development).
Roger F. Soltau in his book Introduction to Politics:
"Politics studied countries, the goals of state and institutions that
would implement that goal; the relationship between the state and its citizens
as well as with other countries. "(Political science is the study of the
state, its aims and purposes ... the institutions by roomates These are going
to be Realized, its relations with its individual members, and other states ...
).
J. Barents in his book Science Politika: "Political
science is the study of the life of the state ... that are part of public life,
political science study states that in carrying out its duties."
Joyce Mitchell in his book Political Analysis and Public
Policy: "Politics is a collective decision-making or policy-making is
common to the whole of society." (Politics is a collective decision making
or the making of public policies for an entire society).
Harold D. Lasswell and A. Kaplan in the book Power Society:
"Political Science studying the formation and power sharing", and in
the book Who gets What, When and How, Laswell asserts that "Politics is a
matter of who, gets what, when and how. "
W.A. Robson in The University Teaching of Social Sciences:
"Political Science study of power in society, ... that is the nature of
the essential, basic, processes, scope and results. The focus of attention of a
scholar of political science ... focused on the struggle to achieve or maintain
power, executing power or influence over others, or against the implementation
of that power. "(Political science is concerned with the study of power in
society ... its nature, bases, processes , scope and results. The focus of
interest of the political scientist ... centers on the struggle to gain or
retain power, to exercise the power of influence over the other, or to resist
that exercise).
Karl W. Duetch in the book Politics and Government: How
People Decide Their Fate: "Politics is making through public
facilities." (Politics is the making of a decision by public means).
David Easton in The Political System: "Political
science is the study of the formation of public policy." He said
"political life includes a variety of activities that affect the policy of
the authorities is accepted by a society and that influence how to implement
that policy. We participate in political life if the activities we have to do
with the making and implementation of policies for a society. "(Political
life concerns all Reviews those varieties of activity that influence the kind
of authoritative Significantly-adopted policy for a society and the way it is
put into practice. We are said to be participating in political life when our
activity relates in some way to the making and execution of policy for a
society).
Ossip K. Flechtheim in the book Fundamentals of Political
Science: "Political science is a social science that specifically studies
the nature and purpose of the state as far as the state is the organization of
power, along with the nature and purpose of the symptoms of other unofficial power,
which could affect the state. "(Political science is that specialized
social science that studies the nature and purpose of the state so far as it is
a power organization and the nature and purpose of unofficial power of
phenomena that are apt to influence the state).
Noer in the book Introduction to Political Thought:
"Political Science focusing on the problem of power in a common life or
society. This life is not limited to the field of law only, and not also on the
growing state in the history of human life is relatively new. Outside the legal
field and before the state existed, it also has a power problem also exists.
Only in modern times that power is indeed closely related to the country.
"
Kosasih Djahiri in the book Political Science and the State:
"Political science is viewed as the core of political power spawned a
number of theories about how to obtain and execute power. Actually, each
individual can not be separated from power, because the influence of a person
or group of people can display behavior as desired by the person or party that
influence. "
Wirjono Projodikoro stated that "the most important
properties of the political field is the use of power by a group of community
members to other drug classes. In political science there is always a power or
force. "K. Affandimendefinisikan:" Political science is the science
which studies human collection of regular life and have the same goal in state
bonds. "
There are still a lot of understanding about politics and
political science delivered or experts. But from the already quoted would be
understood that politics theoretically covers the overall principles and
characteristics of the countries without discussing the activities and
objectives to be achieved country. While practically, politically studying the
state as an institution engaged with the functions and specific purposes (the
state as a dynamic institution).
