If political science is seen solely as one of the social sciences that have a foundation, frame, focus, and scope are clear, it can be said that political science is still young age because of the new born in the late 19th century. At that stage of political science in the rapidly developing branches side by side with other social sciences, such as sociology, anthropology, economics and psychology, and in this development they influence each other. But if political science is reviewed in the context of a broader, ie as a rational discussion of the various aspects of the state and political life can be said to be much older age. Even the social sciences is often said to be the oldest in the world because of the many development rests on history and philosophy. The development of political science is divided into 2 age, among others:
Period BC
Political science as thinking about the State has already started in the year 450 BC as in the works of Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, and others. evident from the work of philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Even Plato who has been laying the foundations of political science of thought known as the father of political philosophy, while Aristotle who has been laying the foundations of political science in the study known as the father of political science. Plato and Aristotle both essentially making the state a philosophical perspective, and their view of knowledge is something that is intact. Both located on the pressure difference and the object of the observations made, if Plato normative-descriptive, while Aristotle already approached empirically by providing support and preference value through facts that can be observed real. This era is famous for its ancient Roman times give a valuable contribution to political science, among others: the fields of law, jurisprudence and public administration. These fields are based on persefektif regarding human commonality, brotherhood everyone, to the divinity and uniqueness of the individual values.
The philosopher at this time trying to find the essence of ideas such as justice and kindness, also consider other essential issues such as good governance, sovereignty, the state's obligation towards citizens or otherwise. Analyzes used is normative and deductive analysis. Normative analysis is to discuss the assumptions that certain characteristics are good or desirable, whereas deductive analysis is didasarakan the reasoning of the general premise toward specific conclusions.
Some cultural centers of Asia such as India and China, have accumulated some quality papers. The writings of India collects in literature Dharmasatra and Arthasastra, derived roughly from 500 BC Among the famous Chinese philosopher, there Confucius, Mencius, and Shan Yang (± 350 BC).
2. Age AD
Indonesia itself already know about state, characterized by several papers, for example Negarakertagama about the 13th century and Babad Tanah Jawi. Literature in Asian countries began to decline because of being pressured by Western thought brought by the countries of the Western colonizers.
Political Science developments in the countries of continental Europe's own discussion of the politics in the 18th century and 19th heavily influenced by the science of law, political science because it focuses only on the state. Besides jurisprudence, the influence of the history of science and philosophy in political science is still felt to World War II.
In the eighteenth century, in England more political problems is the study of philosophy and the discussion can not be separated from history. In the United States there is a development of different, because there is a desire to free themselves from the pressure juridical, and more basing itself on empirical data collection. The United States has put political pangajaran at the university since 1858, initially more juridical studies, but since this century has to escape from the juridical studies with more focus on the collection of empirical data. Just entered the early twentieth century has been away from the study of political science studies that solely and purely legalistic normative normative and deductive. This is influenced by the development of other social science theory, especially the changing conceptions of human nature, pragmatism and pluralism.
The first factor of human nature, it has been recognized that human nature is very diverse and complex. Recognition of human nature raises implications: first, digugatnya statement regarding the law determining good governance, this is due to human nature different. Second, not all men will behave the same in a particular institution. Third, the nature of it is believed to be the object of research official. The second factor influencing the political science is pragmatism. This means that the actions that a man can not be judged from logic, but from the results of the actions or behavior. Mass, someone labeled as a nationalist, as a result of the actions and behavior always showed antipathy towards our own people, against domestic production, vilify the nation itself in the presence of other nations, and so on. While the third factor, namely pluralism, implies that political power is divided between the various groups, parties and government agencies. For example, community organizations, groups, political parties, and more extreme as the opposition parties have the power to influence government policies. This is because the social organizations and political parties that have the power to do it even if power is not necessarily able to influence the other powers. [2]
New political science to get their credentials after the establishment of the "School of Political Science" at Columbia in 1880, on the initiative of John. W. Burges, and he himself led. In 1886 the school is the Political Science Quarterly publishes the first line of his writing. At the time it was established assorted institutes or schools that teach political science and the politics more deeply, the ahlipun analyzes concerning everything to do with less state. since that encourages political scientists to better investigate and discover the functions of politics. [3]
Eastern European countries, the traditional approach in terms of history, philosophy, and law is still in force today. After the collapse of communism, political science developed rapidly, can be seen with ditambahnya approaches emerging in western countries on the traditional approach.
At the end of the 19th century, political science established itself as a stand-alone science with big donations given by political scientists to learn more about politics itself and give information and facts revealed when doing research on the history of politics. At that moment a political science also studied other sciences that became the foundation for the study of political imu because like sociology and history is a source of information and evidence to study political science deeper. After making the opening of an investigation which targeted functionally and using methods that have been perfected political science began to establish itself with its investigation.
At the beginning of the 20th century Gettell show political science began to be affected by the progress achieved in several stages of research among intellectuals in particular was also demonstrated linkages with other science political science after the refinement of methods of collecting quantitative data. Where modern methods show something different tendencies in observation, surveys, and different measurements. Participation by scientists, among others, Hans Speier, Goodwin Watson, Nathan Leites, and Edward Shils analyze the division yng analyzed by the nazi communication and convey to the government for better information and to maneuver when war.
After the war ended, political science began to establish itself in a stand-alone science by making improvements continue to be made until now. Political science around the world began to progress which after thorough investigation it was found out the fact that the political science learning involves the whole existing social science. Development until now was progressing very satisfactorily, where thanks to the help of the data of investigations carried out by the various social sciences, political science is no longer significant investigation to obtain accurate data for social sciences had previously conducted the investigation, so it has helped in the development of political science.
Collini, Winch and Burrow shows that the arguments of the 19th century about the nature and description of the symptoms of the growing political based on historical induction and instead of assumptions about human nature. colonialism and Empire brings extensive and complex culture, as well as primitive societies and small, in the field of intellectual about European scholars and intellectuals. At Oxford and Cambridge, in the late 19th century, under the leadership of comparative history is viewed a little more full of hope as the basis for a scientific study of politics.
The development of political science is also in line with the development of other sciences related to political science and administration as well as branches of the State other social sciences. Where political science is also a science that where in there are various kinds of science that supports and become a pillar for the establishment of political science. So it can be said political science covers a wide range of related social science in everyday life.
The development of political science was also caused by strong push several international bodies, such as UNESCO. Due to differences in methodology and terminology in political science, then UNESCO on tahun1948 conduct a survey on political science in approximately 30 countries. Later, the project was discussed several experts in France, and produce books Contemporary
Political Science in 1948. Furthermore, UNESCO along with the International Political Science Association (IPSA) which covers approximately ssepuluh countries, including Western countries, in addition to India, Mexico, and Poland. In 1952 the results of this study are discussed at a conference in Cambridge, England and the results compiled by WA Robson from the London School of Economics and Political Science in The University Teaching of Political Science. The book was published by UNESCO for the teaching of some social sciences (including economics, cultural anthropology, and criminology) at the college. Both works are intended to foster the development of political science and bring together different views.
In the subsequent periods the social sciences tend to use findings from anthropology, sociology, psychology, and economics, and thus can improve the quality of political science with many taking the model of other branches of social science. Thanks to this, the face of political science has changed and political science into the science that is important to learn to understand about politics.
In a life where the trading market or trading activities are carried out in everyday life is a political activity. Unwitting there occurs term bargain goods where one can bargain for goods or mutually urgent and create strategies that can be an advantage for them. Here can see where political science is not only able to occur between groups or countries, but also occurs among individuals who have an interest respectively. Political science also can occur in all aspects of society that no one country.
Definition of Political Science
Before defining what it is political science, it is necessary to know first what it is political. Etymologically, politics comes from the Greek "polis" meaning city state status. In general political terms can mean a variety of activities within a country concerning the process of determining the objectives of the system and implement those goals.
According to Miriam Budiardjo in the book "Fundamentals of Political Science", political science is the study of politics. Politics is defined as efforts to achieve the good life. Greeks like Plato and Aristotle called it en dam onia or the good life (good life).
According to Goodin in the book "A New Handbook of Political Science," politics can be defined as the use of social power by force. Thus, political science can be interpreted as the nature and source of the force and how to use the social power with the force.
Several different definitions also given by experts, for example:
• According to Bluntschli, Garner and Frank Goodnow stated that political science is the study of the environmental state.
• According to Seely and Stephen Leacock, political science is the science of harmony in dealing with government.
• On the other hand French thinkers such as Paul Janet addressing political science as a science that governs the development of the State as well as the principles of governance, this opinion is supported also by RN Gilchrist.
Political science is theoretically divided to two, namely:
• Valuational means of political science based on moral and political norms. Valuational theory is composed of political philosophy, ideology and politics systematically.
• Non valuational means of political science and mengkomparasikan describe just one event with another event without associating it with moral or norm.
Development of Political Science
Political science is one of the oldest sciences of various branches of science that exist. Since people started living together, problems concerning the regulation and supervision begins. Since then political thinkers began to discuss issues relating to limit the application of power, the relationship between the governing and the governed, and what is the best system guarantees the fulfillment of regulation and supervision.
Political science begins with both in the Ancient Greece, making an increase in Roman times, is not very developed in the Middle Ages, the least developed in the Renaissance and Enlightenment, made some substantial progress in the 19th century, and then developed very rapidly in the 20th century because of political science getting its own characteristics.
Political science as thinking about the State has already started in the year 450 BC as in the works of Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, and others. In some Asian cultural centers such as India and China, have accumulated some quality papers. The writings of India collects in literature Dharmasatra and Arthasastra, derived roughly from 500 BC Among the famous Chinese philosopher, there Confucius, Mencius, and Shan Yang (± 350 BC).
In Indonesia there are several papers on the state, for example Negarakertagama about the 13th century and Babad Tanah Jawi. Literature in Asian countries began to decline because of being pressured by Western thought brought by the countries of the Western colonizers.
In the countries of continental Europe's own discussion of the politics in the 18th century and 19th heavily influenced by the science of law, political science because it focuses only on the state. Besides jurisprudence, the influence of the history of science and philosophy in political science is still felt to World War II.
In the United States there is a development of different, because there is a desire to free themselves from the pressure juridical, and more basing itself on empirical data collection. Further developments in conjunction with the development of sociology and psychology, so that the two branches of the influence of political science. Subsequent developments run faster, it can be seen by the establishment of the American Political Science Association in 1904.
The development of political science after World War II grow more rapidly, for example in Amsterdam, The Netherlands established Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, although research on the country in the Netherlands is still dominated by the Faculty of Law. In Indonesia alone established Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, such as at the University of Riau. Early development of political science in Indonesia is strongly influenced by the science of law, because higher education is very advanced legal studies at the time itu.Sekarang, the concepts of the new political science has begun to be accepted by society.
In the countries of Eastern Europe, the traditional approach in terms of history, philosophy, and law is still in force today. After the collapse of communism, political science developed rapidly, can be seen with ditambahnya approaches emerging in western countries on the traditional approach.
The development of political science was also caused by strong push several international bodies, such as UNESCO. Due to differences in methodology and terminology in political science, then UNESCO on tahun1948 conduct a survey on political science in approximately 30 countries. Later, the project was discussed several experts in France, and produce books Contemporary Political Science in 1948.
Furthermore, UNESCO along with the International Political Science Association (IPSA) which covers approximately ssepuluh countries, including Western countries, in addition to India, Mexico, and Poland. In 1952 the results of this study are discussed at a conference in Cambridge, England and the results compiled by WA Robson from the London School of Economics and Political Science in The University Teaching of Political Science. The book was published by UNESCO for the teaching of some social sciences (including economics, cultural anthropology, and criminology) at the college. Both works are intended to foster the development of political science and bring together different views.
In the subsequent periods the social sciences tend to use findings from anthropology, sociology, psychology, and economics, and thus can improve the quality of political science with many taking the model of other branches of social science. Thanks to this, the face of political science has changed and political science into the science that is important to learn to understand about politics.
